What is Scientific Argumentation?
During the processes of scientific inquiry, scientists will make claims, based on observable evidence, and will clarify with justification of the evidence as relevant to the claims. Other scientists often make rebuttal claims, pointing to other evidence that counters the evidence for the previous claim. The key points are that any scientific claims coming from an investigation must be based on observable (empirical) evidence, and that evidence must be justified as connected with the claims.